![]() Often considered socially unacceptable, preventing such behavior has received attention in various public debates and campaigns, such as stop phubbing. Furthermore, while such socially detrimental use of technology is often unintentional, the habit of snubbing someone in favor of a personal device results from intentional user behavior where interaction with technology takes preference over that with people. Ironically, it is often the interactions with remote others that disrupt those with collocated others. Notifications from mobile devices have been criticized for disrupting interactions in close relationships (Oduor et al. With a smartphone in hand, Turkle argues, we are only getting ‘sips’ of connection, not real communication. Frequent interaction with mobile devices has been noted to cause harmful social effects in situations where particularly familiar people are collocated (Turkle 2011). To elaborate the first problem, people tend to interact with various personal technologies in almost any social gathering. To motivate the need for reconsidering current technologies, we identify two broad wicked problems: (1) the use of current technology disrupting ongoing social situations, and (2) lack of social interaction in collocated situations where it would be desirable. Need for better technologies for collocated social interactionĬurrent technology can be argued to be suboptimal with respect to collocated social interaction. In particular, several academic workshops have recently convened to discuss the directions for technology that would better support collocated interaction (e.g., Fischer et al. Multi-player gaming consoles and collaborative touch displays are just some prominent examples of this trend (e.g., Falk and Björk 1999 Memarovic et al. Only over the last two decades, have researchers and product developers begun to consider how technology could also support multi-user scenarios. In the big picture of technology development, this area has attracted less interest than technologies for remote connectedness, and hence remains less explored and characterized. ( 1991) and its two dimensions of time and place, collocated social interaction focuses on scenarios of ‘same time, same place’, that is, a synchronous interaction between individuals in close proximity. Considering the groupware taxonomy by Ellis et al. 2013), ranging from plain text-based communication to those with rich multimedia content (Macskassy 2012) and even virtual reality simulations of face-to-face interaction (Schroeder 2002).Īt the same time, various ICTs and personal technologies Footnote 1 are often used collaboratively by several collocated people, during social encounters. Virtual encounters between remote people are now commonplace (e.g., Bolton et al. Over the last decade, computer-mediated communication (CMC) has exploded with various social media and online communication applications, which has allowed a variety of new forms of mediated social interplay with remote others. Information and communication technology (ICT) has revolutionized how people interact with each other irrespective of time and place. This review helps researchers to describe, analyze, and position relevant prior research and identify gaps in scientific knowledge. ![]() To contribute with a new theoretical perspective, we identify various roles of technology relevant for enhancement, representing three abstract categories: facilitating, inviting and encouraging. We contribute an in-depth study of 92 publications that present relevant solutions or prototypes, analyzing their focus areas, design objectives, and design and evaluation approaches. ![]() This literature review outlines the landscape of design explorations in this emergent research topic. However, there is little understanding of the optimal design solutions and roles of technology considering this goal. Various envisioned systems aim beyond simply enabling interaction, to actively enhance-i.e., improve the quality or extent of-social interaction between collocated people. An emergent research topic within this area relates to technological enhancement of social interaction. Collocated interaction has received growing interest in both academic research and the design of information and communication technological applications.
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